Your data is stored on your hard drive, not the motherboard or CPU.
If you want to update your Windows XP-based computer but don't want to buy an entirely new desktop, you can replace the motherboard and CPU. A better CPU can help your computer process information more quickly, and an upgraded motherboard may be compatible with more recent models of graphics and sounds cards. One consideration, however, is ensuring that you do not lose any data in the process.
Motherboard and CPU
The motherboard is the large circuit board inside the case of your computer that all other components plug into. The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the "brain" of the computer, where all the processes and procedures are carried out. Neither of these components have any extensive data storage capacity in themselves, and none of your files -- including all of your documents, music and programs -- are stored here. All such data is stored on the hard drive.
BIOS
The only information stored on the motherboard itself is contained in the BIOS, or Basic Input/Output System, or equivalent technology. This is also known as "setup," and you may see a message before XP loads that says "Press F11 to enter setup." The BIOS does not store your data as such, but contains your preferences for things like the order of devices that your computer boots from. If you made changes in your old setup area, you must set the equivalent configuration on your new motherboard.
Hard Drive
All the information on your computer is stored on a hard disk drive. This is usually screwed into the computer case, and is a separate component from the motherboard and CPU. If the new motherboard uses the same type of hard drive as the old one, you can plug it straight in; otherwise, buy a new hard drive and copy your data across. Note that you may have more than one hard drive.
Hard Disk Controller
You must also prepare XP for the new motherboard using the hard disk controller. Go to the Windows device manager, then click the plus sign next to "IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers." Right-click the entry, click "Properties," "Driver," then "Update Driver." Select "Browse" and when the list appears, select the option starting with "Standard AHCI" if your new motherboard uses a SATA, or Serial Advanced Technology Attachement, drive, or the one starting with "Standard Dual" if your new motherboard uses an IDE, or Integrated Drive Electronics, drive.
Backup
Although your files are not stored on the motherboard or CPU, there is still the possibility, however small, of losing data due to accidental damage to the hard drive during the transfer. Prevent this by backing up all your data to an external hard drive, taking care while switching the components over -- including ensuring you are grounded and handle all items with care.
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