Compare Video Card Performance

When purchasing a computer with the intent of playing computer games, it is important to get a computer with the best video card within your price range for the best game performance. Even if you do not have physical access to both cards you want to compare, you can get a good idea of their performance with the proper research.

Instructions

1. Read reviews of both video cards online and compare performance statistics at popular graphics comparison websites. Video cards are a huge market since avid computer gamers are always looking to max out their system performance. As a result, there are many sites with in depth information and comparisons of video cards, witch run cards through various benchmark tests. (See Resource three for a card comparison tool.)

2. Compare technical specifications of the two cards. The card's core speed, shader speed, memory speed, and memory capacity are important measures of card performance. The core speed is how fast the graphics processing unit on the card works and memory speed is how fast the memory built into the card can transfer data to the graphics processing unit. The memory capacity is the total physical memory available on the card, which can be though of as RAM that is dedicated to the video card itself. For frame of reference, the NVIDIA GeForce 8600 GT, a popular baseline gaming video card has a core speed of 540 MHZ, a shader speed of 1190 MHZ, a memory speed of 700 MHZ, and 256MB of total memory. If you wish to purchase a card that will run most games in 2009, look for one with specs that at least match the 8600 GT.

3. Perform your own test of both cards. Comparing card specifications and using comparison tools should give you a solid idea of how well a certain card will perform versus another, but if you have access to both cards, you can compare them yourself. Simply use both of the cards to play your favorite games and note how the graphics look and the frame rate. Certain games have video test tools within the graphics options that will test frame rate. If there is not an obvious difference in graphical appearance or frame rate, the cards are likely fairly equivalent in power, or else the games are not graphically intense enough to challenge the either card. Testing games on a very graphically intense game can often yield the most useful results.

Tags: both cards, core speed, frame rate, memory speed, video card, access both

Reset Phoenix Bios

BIOS screen shot

The BIOS is the basic operating system for the hardware of your computer. The BIOS has basic settings that need to be read by your operating system, and it is what gets your computer started before you get into your operating system. Sometimes the BIOS gets corrupted, and you need to reset it to get your computer working correctly. Resetting the BIOS is fairly simple once you find the right jumper.

Instructions

1. Find the manual for your motherboard. You will need to go to your motherboard manufacturer's website if you don't have the manual. When choosing which motherboard you have, be sure to pick the right one with the Phoenix BIOS.

2. Open the computer case, and locate the BIOS jumper according to the motherboard manual. The BIOS chip will say Phoenix on it, and the jumper will likely be near the BIOS chip.

3. Pull the BIOS jumper straight up. The jumper is a small piece of black plastic that slides over two or three pins.

4. Start the computer, and allow the computer to boot all the way up. Shut the computer down. Go back and put the BIOS jumper back the way it was originally, and then restart the computer. When the computer starts, you will see the Phoenix BIOS logo, and then it will tell you which key to hit to enter the BIOS setup. Hit that key to go into the BIOS, and confirm it has been reset.

Tags: BIOS jumper, operating system, your computer, your operating system, BIOS basic, BIOS chip, will Phoenix

Parts Needed To Build An Os X Compatible Computer

Apple's adoption of the Intel processor along with the introduction of OS X provided the opportunity for anyone to build an off-the-shelf PC and load Apple's operating system on it. Please be advised: Apple does not support this activity and automatically voids the the OS X warranty for anyone who elects to build this type of system. With that said, should you decide to pursue building one of these systems, you are legally and ethically required to purchase a legitimate copy of Apple's operating system.

Generic Parts

Starting with the generic parts, select a well-designed case to build this system with and a full-sized ATX style case will provide you with the most flexibility. As a recommendation, do not cut corners on your choice of power supply. Make sure to purchase a good quality, ATX power supply, one that is rated for a minimum of 500 watts and is equipped with dual 12-volt rails. Most CD/DVD drives are supported, including read/write models. A good rule of thumb is that if the drive technology is supported by Apple, it will integrate with your system easily. The hard drive should be a SATA interface chosen in whatever size you desire. For ease of use, it is recommended that an Apple or Apple-style keyboard and mouse be incorporated into your build.

Manufacturer Specific

The motherboard and graphics adapter are critical to the process of loading OS X onto this system. While the newer AMD CPUs are supported using a patch, Intel CPUs are required if the target is to have a pure "vanilla" installation of OS X on your system. Both nVidia and ATI graphics cards are supported but for the best results it is recommended that a card that is known to function be included. As a convenience a link has been supplied in the Resources section that lists all of the hardware components which have been tested and are known to work.

OS X

Apple's introduction of OS X began a new direction for the manufacturer with the adoption of BSD as their operating system. BSD is a Unix variant, somewhat similar to Linux, but with a number of very important differences. In the BSD world, OS X is referred to as the Darwin fork, which is loosely based on the NetBSD fork. Theoretically, if a software package can be run on NetBSD, it should be able to run on OS X, and this holds true for which hardware can be supported.

Tags: operating system, Apple operating, Apple operating system, build this, power supply, recommended that, this system

Replace The System Board On An Hp Pavilion Dv6000

The HP Pavilion dv6000 notebook computer hit the market in 2006. It is powered by an Intel Core 2 Duo processor and features a 15.4-inch screen. Although the computer is no longer in production, you can still find spare parts for the computer online, including replacement motherboards. If you find yourself needing to replace a damaged motherboard, you will need a few hours of time and some basic tools. You will also need a decent understanding of computer hardware to complete the job successfully.

Instructions

Disassembly

1. Turn off the computer, disconnect the power adapter and remove the battery.

2. Place the closed computer upside down on a table. Remove the two screws from the memory compartment cover and remove the cover. Remove the two screws from the hard drive bay cover and remove the cover. Grasp the plastic tab on the drive and lift it out of the computer.

3. Remove the optical drive screw from the bottom of the case, located along the center line of the drive about 5 inches from the edge. Insert a paper clip into the hole on the drive bay to eject it, and pull the drive out of the computer.

4. Remove the three screws from the battery compartment. Turn the computer over and open it. Use a flat screwdriver to pry up the rear of the switch cover and rotate it forward so it's upside down on top of the keyboard. Lift up the connector on the cover where the ribbon cable attaches and disconnect the cable.

5. Close the computer and turn it over. Remove the four screws arranged in a square pattern just in front of the battery compartment. Turn the computer over and open it. Lift the rear of the keyboard and slide it backwards to release the front tabs. Flip the keyboard over and lift the ribbon cable connector to unlock it and disconnect the cable.

6. Disconnect the speaker assembly wire from the left side of the computer. Remove the two screws that hold the assembly in place and lift the assembly up, out of the computer.

7. Close the computer and turn it upside down with the rear facing you. Disconnect the antenna cable from the memory compartment. Remove the two screws that attach the screen, located on each side of the case bottom, directly below the screen. Turn the computer over and open it. Disconnect the microphone, camera and display cables. Remove the two screws from the screen hinges and detach the screen.

8. Close the computer and turn it upside down. Remove the nine cover screws. There are four along the front edge, one in the hard drive bay, two along the left side and two to the right of the memory bay. Remove the three small screws from along the optical bay opening and the three along the rear of the case. Turn the computer over and open it facing you. Disconnect the power button and LED cables from the left side of the computer and the mouse pad cable from the center of the computer. Remove the single screw from the right-rear corner. Remove the remaining two screws, one near each rear corner. Pry up the top support trim along the rear of the computer. Lift the rear of the top cover and remove it.

9. Remove the two screws from the audio board near the front of the computer and slide the board toward the rear to unplug it. Take out the screws that secure the USB/power connector. Unplug the two cables from the board and remove it.

10. Remove the two motherboard screws from the right side of the motherboard. Lift the right side of the board about four inches and slide it to the right to disconnect it and remove it from the computer.

Transfer Components

11. Remove the RAM memory modules from the old board by separating the tabs on each side and sliding the modules out of the sockets. Install them on the new board. Disconnect the RTC battery located to the side of the memory module and install it in the new board using a piece of double-sided tape.

12. Remove the wireless card located next to the battery by taking out the two screws and sliding it out of its socket. Install it on the new board.

13. Press the ExpressCard bezel to eject it from its port and pull it out. Remove the four screws from the ExpressCard and slide it to the right to remove it. Attach it to the new board.

14. Turn the old motherboard upside down and disconnect the fan cable. Remove the four screws from the heat sink and remove it and the fan from the board. Remove the old thermal pads from the heat sink and attach the new ones that came with the new board. Install the heat sink and fan on the new board.

15. Use a flat screwdriver to turn the locking screw on the processor a half-turn counterclockwise and lift the processor off the board. Install it on the new board.

Assembly

16. Slide the new motherboard into the computer from right to left and replace the two screws.

17.Attach the audio board and replace the two screws. Attach the USB/power connector cables and replace the module, securing it with the two screws.

18. Replace the top cover and snap the rear trim piece into place. Replace the three screws and connect the power button and LED cables. Close the computer and turn it over. Replace the three screws in the optical bay opening and the three along the rear of the case. Replace the nine screws in the bottom of the case.

19. Turn the computer over and position the screen. Replace the two screws in the screen hinges and attach the microphone, camera and display cables. Close the computer and turn it over. Replace the two bottom screen screws and connect the antenna cable to the connector in the memory compartment.

20. Turn the computer over and open it. Replace the speaker assembly and replace its two screws. Connect the speaker wire. Position the keyboard and connect the ribbon cable. Slide the tabs on the front of the keyboard into place and seat the keyboard. Close the computer and turn it over. Replace the four keyboard screws in the bottom of the case.

21. Open the computer and position the rear switch cover piece. Connect the ribbon cable and snap the cover into place. Turn the computer over and replace the three screws in the battery compartment.

22. Insert the optical drive into its bay and replace the screw. Replace the hard drive and its cover. Replace the memory compartment cover. Install the battery and test the system.

Tags: screws from, Turn computer, computer over, Turn computer over, Close computer, Close computer turn

Connect A Pc Power Supply

Connect a PC Power Supply

Computers are a part of the modern world. You find them in homes, classrooms and work. Computers run on voltages of 12V DC and less. The computer converts the 110V AC from your wall outlet to these low DC voltages by means of a power supply. Occasionally you may need to install a new power supply. Installing a new power supply may seem like a daunting task, but with a little information is a relatively simply process.

Instructions

1. Mount the new power supply into the computer. Screw the four mounting screws through the case bracket into the back of the power supply opposite of the various low voltage power cords - the back is the same side where you plug in your wall outlet cord.

2. Attach the 20 pin connector into the motherboard. The ATX power cord is rectangular shaped measures approximately 2 1/2 inches by 1/2 inch. Press the connector into the motherboard until the locking clip snaps into place.

3. Plug the fan connectors into the motherboard. These plugs are usually 4 pin 1/2 inch by 1/2 inch and square shaped. Push the connector(s) into the motherboard so that it is seated firmly. Some case fans require a direct power connection, which is usually the 4 pin 1 inch by 1/4 inch rectangular power connector with 2 corners cut at an angle: plug those connections together so the connector is seated firmly in the port.

4. Connect the PCIe power connections. If your computer has a PCIe video card, it probably needs an additional direct power connection. This is usually done with the 1 inch by 1/4 inch connector. Press the connector into the provided slot in the PCIe card. Make sure you don't bend the card.

5. Attach the low voltage power cables to the drives of the computer. New drives use the SATA power connectors. SATA power connectors are flat with a slot in them and slide onto the drive connections with a slight snap. All other drives except for floppy drives use the more common 1 inch by 1/4 connector and their ports are located on the right rear of the drive. Press the 1 inch by 1/4 connector(s) into all remaining drives. Floppy drives use a small 4 pin 1/2 inch by 3/16 inch connector.

6. Close the case and connect the 110V power cord to the power supply. Plug the other end into a power strip or wall outlet.

Tags: power supply, connector into, inch connector, inch inch, into motherboard, connector into motherboard

Use An External Power Supply On A Pc Motherboard

An external power supply is necessary to run a computer.

External power supplies are small boxes with a fan, two black plug holes and various cables with several colors that you can attach to the motherboard. The motherboard is a large green plastic plate with wires and chips that run calculations while you are using your computer. The motherboard needs an external power supply to operate correctly, and this is why you need to attach a power supply to your motherboard. Attaching an external power supply to your motherboard is a straightforward process and you do not need expert help to do it.

Instructions

1. Remove the cover of the computer case using a screwdriver. You can find the screws at the back or base of the computer.

2. Check that the motherboard is correctly aligned and that it is in place inside your computer case. If not, align it onto the pegs or standoffs and screw it onto the computer case. Take care when screwing because if you screw the motherboard too firmly, it may crack.

3. Check that the power supply is in the correct place. The power supply is a grey box with red, yellow and black cables coming out of it. It should be at the back of the computer above the motherboard.

4. Grab the colored cables and plug them into the motherboard. Ensure that the you plug the cables into the motherboard firmly because if they are lose, it may destroy the motherboard. The power supply cables have different shaped and sized plugs that only go into one hole on the motherboard to help you orientate the cables correctly.

5. Plug the black cable that came with your computer into the grey power supply box. You need to plug the end of the cable that has a small square plug with three teeth. Plug the other end of the cable into the main electricity supply plug in the wall.

Tags: power supply, power supply, computer case, your computer, cable that

Install An Intel 775 Cpu Cooler

Intel's central processing units (CPUs) use a dedicated cooling system to keep the CPU chips in proper operating temperatures, up to 90 degrees Celsius. The CPU cooler is an assembly that comes in two parts and is installed directly on top of the CPU and CPU socket. The bottom part is a heatsink made of aluminum fins that help to dissipate the heat. On top you'll see a fan that also helps to pull heat away from the CPU. Installing a cooler on your Intel 775 can be accomplished with some basic tools.

Instructions

1. Remove the power cable from the back of the computer. Look at the back of your computer case and remove any screws from the right side if your case needs to be unscrewed before it is opened. Remove the computer case cover and set it aside.

2. Remove the small fan power connector from the motherboard pins. You'll be using these power pins later when installing the new cooler assembly so don't forget where they are.

3. Turn the small caps on each corner of the heatsink 90 degrees counterclockwise and pull up on the cap. This unfastens the CPU cooler from the motherboard. Twist the heatsink and fan assembly slightly to break any remaining thermal compound seal and set the cooling unit aside.

4. Put thermal compound on top of the CPU if none is already applied to the bottom of your heat sink. You should only need a small dot of the thermal compound to do the job.

5. Line the legs of the heatsink up with holes surrounding the CPU socket in the motherboard. Lower the cooling assembly into the holes. Press the corner caps in to secure the heatsink to the motherboard. The caps will click when they are properly installed in the motherboard holes. Plug the fan's power cable into the motherboard's power pins. Put your computer case cover on and insert the power cable.

Tags: computer case, power cable, thermal compound, case cover, computer case cover, cooler assembly, from motherboard

Get Into Computer Diagnostics On A Dell Laptop

Performing diagnostics helps you locate laptop problems.

No one wants to be left without a fully functioning laptop, whether you need your Dell computer for business or just for having fun on the web. If your laptop experiences frequent crashes or other problems you may want to run diagnostics to resolve the problem on your own. Your Dell laptop includes three main diagnostic options used for locating and fixing problems, which are all accessed by first restarting the laptop's operating system.

Instructions

Dell Diagnostics

1. Save any open files and restart your Dell laptop. Tap the "F12" key when the blue Dell logo loads on the laptop's LCD screen.

2. Use the down arrow key to navigate to the "Diagnostics" option in the "Boot" menu. Hit the "Enter" key and wait for the "32-bit Dell Diagnostics" screen to load.

3. Highlight the "Test System" option and hit "Enter" to bring up the list of available diagnostic tools. Highlight the tool you want to run, such as "Express Test" or "Extended Test," and hit "Enter."

Dell BIOS

4. Close down any programs currently running on your Dell laptop and open the "Start" menu. Click "Shut Down" and choose "Restart."

5. Wait for the blue Dell logo to appear while the laptop begins restarting the operating system. Hit "F2" to access the laptop's BIOS menu.

6. Use the arrow keys to navigate through the Dell BIOS menu. Hit "Enter" to access any of the options and make any necessary changes. Press "F10" and tap "Enter" to save your BIOS changes and restart the Dell's operating system.

Safe Mode

7. Exit any programs you are currently using. Power off the Dell laptop completely and turn it back on again.

8. Hit the "F8" key repeatedly throughout the boot up process until a set of text options appear on the screen. Navigate to the menu option named "Safe Mode" and hit "Enter."

9. Make any necessary changes with the laptop loaded in safe mode. Return to the "Start" menu and choose "Shut Down" and "Restart" to exit safe mode.

Tags: Dell laptop, operating system, your Dell, BIOS menu, blue Dell, blue Dell logo

Failed Hightemp Electrolytic Caps On A Pc Motherboard

Failed electrolytic capacitors can damage your motherboard.

When an electrolytic capacitor, or cap, in your motherboard fails, it can cause a lot of damage to the inside of your computer. Reasons for failure in high-temperature electrolytic capacitors include substandard electrolyte or poor sealant, or a capacitor with the wrong characteristics. Cheaper motherboards with lower-quality components are more apt to suffer from "bad caps"; these can be replaced with better-quality components.

High-Temperature Electrolytic Capacitors

A capacitor is an electronic component that stores an electrical charge. Capacitors perform an important role in ensuring that other components on your motherboard receive an appropriate amount and quality of power. Electrolytic capacitors are typically cylindrical in shape. The less-expensive liquid electrolyte type is commonly constructed from rolled sheets of aluminum foil with electrolyte-soaked paper between them, enclosed in a sealed aluminum can. Capacitors are rated for the amount of charge they can hold, the voltage and amperage they can safely tolerate, and the temperatures they can withstand. For applications where the capacitors are likely to become very hot, a high temperature rating is necessary.

Reasons for Capacitor Failure

Poor-quality electrolytic capacitors can contain badly formulated electrolyte, which can't withstand the voltage or temperature for which the capacitor is rated. Cheap capacitors may also be sealed inadequately, causing the electrolytic fluid inside to evaporate over time. If the capacitor can't store sufficient charge, or has too low a power or temperature rating, it may also fail.

Symptoms of Failing Capacitors

If you can spot a failing capacitor before it breaks down completely, you may be able to save your motherboard from unnecessary damage. Signs include an increase in CPU temperature; instabilities and crashes; not turning on all the time, or turning itself off; failing to start up properly -- not completing the power-on self-test (POST); or not starting the POST. Note that none of these signs are conclusive -- they may have other causes besides bad capacitors. Failing electrolytic capacitors can emit a high-pitched whistling or whining sound as overheating electrolyte fumes escape through small holes in the case. A visual inspection can confirm bad capacitors. Failing capacitors may bulge, become discolored, or sit crookedly in the circuit board.

Failed Electrolytic Capacitors

Once a capacitor has failed, it stops working completely. It is likely that your computer will not turn on at all. Most capacitors are designed with a weak spot in the top of the case so that the electrolyte escapes more safely, but It is possible for electrolytic capacitors to explode as they fail. If this happens you may hear a loud bang from inside your computer; when you open the case, you may see the contents of the failed capacitor thrown around the inside of the computer. More usually, you may see one or more bulging, crooked and possibly discolored capacitors; cracks or holes in the capacitor casing; signs of burning around the bases of the bad capacitors; the solder may have melted and the metal tracks on the back of the circuit board may have pulled away. In many cases, however, there will be no visible sign at all; the capacitors will need to be tested to see whether they are working correctly. Always ensure that your computer is switched off and unplugged before opening the case or conducting tests.

Replacing Failed Capacitors

As long as the damage to your motherboard is not too severe, you can replace failing or failed high-temperature electrolytic capacitors with new ones. If you don't have any computer maintenance experience, you should seek expert help rather than trying to do this yourself. When selecting new capacitors, make sure they have a sufficiently high voltage and temperature rating; they should also be good-quality components, as these will generally last longer.

Tags: your motherboard, electrolytic capacitors, your computer, temperature rating, capacitors Failing, circuit board, damage your

Compare Agp Video Cards

Compare AGP cards for compatibility and performance.

Accelerated Graphic Port (AGP) video cards are the successor to the previous video card technology PCI. AGP cards offer better performance than PCI cards and most modern computers come standard with AGP slots. AGP video cards can also vary greatly in speed and memory capacities, which makes choosing the right AGP card for your needs important. Choosing the right AGP card often depends on the price range you are looking for and the performance requirements of your favorite games or software.

Instructions

1. Choose an AGP card with the correct voltage for your motherboard. AGP cards come in three different types of voltage--1.5V, 3.3V and 0.8V. The 1.5V and 3.3V also come with different slot sizes for motherboard connection. The 1.5V and 3.3V both have a single notch in the connection slot, while the 0.8V comes with a double notch. If the AGP card voltage is wrong, the card may not work at all.

2. Look for an AGP card with the best RAM specifications for the price. When choosing an AGP card, you will find many of them listed with a specific type, speed and amount of RAM, such as 128 MB DDR2. Choosing a card with the most RAM and the highest-quality RAM is going to get you the best performance. If your motherboard is compatible with the card, look for cards that contain 256 MB or more, and preferably DDR2 or DDR3 memory. DDR2 and DDR3 are examples of how fast the memory speed is, so DDR3 is faster than DDR2 and so on. Another way to make sure a card is going to meet your memory needs is by checking the video requirements of various games or multimedia programs that you use.

3. Check for monitor compatibility. AGP cards come with varying video ports, such as VGA, DVI and S-Video. So when you are comparing AGP cards, check to see if the port of the card will match up with your monitor or TV. However, in some cases if the port type is not correct, you can buy adapters to connect your monitor or TV to your video card.

4. Check for driver and software support such as DirectX. As of 2010, many of the newest video games require DirectX support to a specific degree. However, some of the newer games are requiring newer and newer versions of DirectX, such as DirectX 10 and beyond. So when comparing an AGP card, looking for the card with the latest version of DirectX support can ensure your ability to play new games with the best graphics quality.

Tags: card with, card will, cards come, come with, DDR2 DDR3

Ddr3 Specs

Memory is essential for computers to work.

In 2007, the JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, which develops standards for computer memory, released the specifications of DDR3 memory, a faster memory for laptops and PCs. This new memory type succeeded in increasing speed and lower the voltages, making DDR3 memory the fastest memory around at that point. DDR3 is different from the older memory types on terms of capacity, technology and physical shape.

Dimensions

The DDR3 memory modules maintain the physical dimensions of previous DDR modules. However, the notch was moved to prevent DDR3 memory modules being installed in incompatible older DDR slots.

Capacity

The capacity of DDR3 modules varies from 512 megabytes to 8 gigabytes. However, due to the increased prefetch, lower-capacity modules might not be as effective as higher-capacity modules. The prefetch is the path the information uses to enter and exit the memory, and a faster prefetch means faster data access and better overall performance. DDR3 uses 8-bit prefetch, twice as fast compared to DDR2's 4-bit prefetch and four times faster than the 2-bit prefetch found on DDR1 memory modules.

Speed

The 4-bit prefetch used in DDR2 memory modules is doubled in the DDR3 memory and even though the actual clock speed of the memory is still 200 megahertz, the double data rate technology makes the DDR3 modules rated as DDR3 800 to DDR3 1600. The 8-bit prefetch leads to an increased latency, but the clock speeds compensate for that, making the DDR3 memory as fast as DDR2, despite the higher latency. What makes the DDR3 faster is the bandwidth. DDR3 1600 can achieve up to 25.6 GB/s if used in dual-channel mode, which is twice as fast as its predecessor, the DDR2 800.

Voltage

Standard DDR3 memory modules operate at 1.5 volts, but the operating voltage can be modified to make the memory run faster. This technique is used specially by overclockers who want to get the most out of every piece of hardware.

Tags: DDR3 memory, memory modules, DDR3 memory modules, memory faster, 4-bit prefetch, 8-bit prefetch, DDR3 1600

Disassemble & Reassemble A Dell Laptop

Learn to take apart your Dell laptop.

Just like any laptop, at some point your laptop's hardware may have to be upgraded or replaced. This means you must have a solid understanding of dismantle your laptop correctly. Most of the basic hardware in your Dell laptop can be accessed without disassembling your laptop too much. If you plan on removing anything major, such as the processor or video card, you will have completely take apart the computer.

Instructions

1. Shut down your laptop using its current operating system. Most Dell laptops operate a Windows OS of some sort. Close the display panel. Disconnect all cables and devices from the laptop. Remove the battery pack. It is never a good idea to work on your laptop with any type of power source connected. Allow 10 to 20 minutes for your laptop to cool down before proceeding.

2. Place your laptop face-down. Remove the hard drive from its compartment. The hard drive's location varies from laptop to laptop. It will be in one of the four corners on the bottom casing assembly, and will be secured in place by two Phillips screws.

3. Remove the memory compartment's plastic cover, and its retaining screws from the center of the bottom casing. Remove the memory modules from inside the compartment. Each module is secured in place by two retaining clips.

4. Locate and remove the modem/wireless card compartment on the laptop's bottom casing. Remove the screws securing the modem card inside the compartment. Lift it out of the compartment slightly, and then disconnect its cable from the motherboard. Remove the modem from the laptop.

5. Disconnect the two antenna cables from the wireless card. Spread the retaining clips on each side of the card. Tilt it upward, and remove the card from the laptop.

6. Remove the Phillips screws securing the CD/DVD drive in place. In a few Dell models, there is a release lever inside the memory compartment that ejects the CD/DVD drive from its compartment. Pull the drive from its compartment. Remove all unmarked screws from the laptop's bottom casing.

7. Place the laptop face-up, and open the display panel as far as you can. Pry the plastic keyboard strip from the laptop with a flat-head screwdriver. The keyboard strip is a thin piece of plastic spanning the width of the laptop above the keyboard.

8. Remove the screws securing the keyboard in place. The screws are above the keyboard's top row of keys. Place the keyboard face-down on the laptop's surface. Unplug the keyboard's ribbon cable from the motherboard. Remove the keyboard from the laptop.

9. Disconnect the cables extending from each side of the display panel to the motherboard. Generally, the LCD video cable extends from the left side of the screen, while the camera, Wi-Fi antenna and/or microphone cables extend from the right. Remove the Phillips screws from each display hinge. Carefully remove the display panel from the laptop's base.

10. Remove the EMI shield, and its single retaining screw. The EMI shield is a thin sheet of metal covering the motherboard. Remove the Phillips screws securing the video card to the center of the motherboard. Grasp the pull-tab extending from it. Lift the video card straight up and out of the motherboard.

11. Remove all Phillips screws securing the laptop's top casing to the base. Disconnect the touchpad cable from its connector above the touchpad device on the motherboard. Carefully lift the top casing from the laptop's base.

12. Loosen the four Phillips screws securing the fan assembly to the motherboard. Disconnect the fan's power cable from the computer. Lift the fan from the processor chip, and set it aside.

13. Wipe the excess thermal grease from the processor's surface. Unlock the processor from its motherboard socket. Most Dell processors are secured in place by a single locking flat-head screw. Remove the processor from the motherboard.

14. Repeat this procedure in reverse to reassemble the laptop.

Tags: from laptop, your laptop, Phillips screws, screws securing, bottom casing, cable from, display panel

Diy Dell Laptop Troubleshooting

Battery, display and keyboard issues may all afflict your Dell laptop.

Dell laptops can suffer from a number of potential problems common to modern notebook computers. While it may be tempting to bring a Dell laptop into a repair shop if the screen, keyboard, or battery are acting up, you can troubleshoot these issues yourself and diagnose your Dell’s problem using only a Phillips head screwdriver and a flathead screwdriver. No other tools are necessary, and neither is a working knowledge of computer repair and disassembly.

Instructions

1. Ensure your Dell laptop is plugged in to a power source. The power adapter should be plugged in to the AC adapter jack on the back or side of the laptop, and the other end should plug into a wall outlet or surge protector.

2. Consider battery replacement if your laptop won’t power on even after checking the power adapter. Laptop batteries naturally degrade over time. Flip your Dell over and find the sliding battery release mechanism at the top or bottom of the unit, depending on which way you flipped. Slide it to one side to disengage and replace your battery.

3. Consider troubleshooting for a backlight issue with your laptop monitor if brightness setting adjustments don’t remedy your screen problems. (For Dell Studio models, skip to Step 6.) Remove the screws along the screen’s outer rim, also known as the "bezel". These bezel screws can be removed with a Phillips head screwdriver. On some Dell models, these screws will be covered with a plastic seal or cap for aesthetic purposes and will be harder to discern. The seal can be removed either with your fingertips or with the aid or a flat-edged tool to pry with, such as a flathead screwdriver's tip.

4. Remove the bezel by pulling up on one edge and working around the bezel with your fingertips, gently prying it up and off the screen.

5. Check to ensure the inverter cable hasn’t become disconnected from the inverter board on a non-Studio Dell model. This black cable can be seen at the bottom center of the screen now that the bezel is gone. It plugs in to a socket on the inverter board, which lies directly below it. If the cable has become disconnected from the socket, your monitor’s backlight will fail. Pull up on one edge of the socket to slide the cable back in. Push down on the socket to put it back into its "locked" position.

6. Access the monitor for troubleshooting in an alternate way if your specific Dell model does not have any noticeable or concealed screws along any stretch of the bezel or if it is a member of the Dell Studio family of computers. Ensure the laptop is closed. Turn the computer over so the underside is facing up, then locate the outline of the back center control cover at the very top of the unit. There will be one small screw in the middle of the backside of the control cover, so use your Phillips head screwdriver.

7. Turn the Studio model back over and open the display up. The center control cover lies right above the keyboard and directly below the open display. It is now loose. Gently lift up on it partially to reveal the media control buttons cable that connects it to the system board beneath it.

8. Lift up gently on the media control buttons cable's connector latch to release the cable from its connection point on the board. Pull it out and remove the center control console completely. This will reveal the display cable, which can be seen at the top center of the exposed area below the center control cover. Ensure this cable is not loose from the socket at this center point. If it is, pull up on the socket and slide the cable back in.

9. Download new keyboard drivers for your Dell laptop if the keyboard appears unresponsive. Visit Dell Support (see Resources) to download the drivers. Double click the downloaded file to install the drivers, then restart your laptop.

10. Check your keyboard cable if the drivers don’t rectify the problem. On your Studio model, you will see two small screws where the center control console was before you removed it, one on each side at the bottom of the exposed system board. Remove these with your screwdriver to free up the Studio's top keyboard. On other Dell models, flip over the unit to remove the screws marked with a small keyboard icon, then turn the laptop back over.

11. Turn your Dell laptop right-side up and pull the keyboard partially out of the casing, just far enough to reveal the ribbon that runs from the base of the laptop to the back of the keyboard. This step is the same on all Dell models. This ribbon plugs into a socket at the laptop’s base. If it has become disconnected, you can lift the edge of the socket gently up and slide the ribbon back in.

Tags: center control, your Dell, control cover, Dell laptop, with your, your Dell laptop

Find Out The Cpu Type & Speed

Illustration of a computer

The central processing unit, or CPU, of a computer receives and executes information and commands from the computer's hardware. The type of CPU depends on the make and model of the computer as does the CPU's speed. There are a few methods available to determine the CPU information on a computer.

Instructions

1. Click on the "Start" button on the lower right-hand corner of the computer screen.

2. Right-click on "Computer" from the menu that appears.

3. Click on "Properties" to view a dialog box that will show information for "Processor", which is the CPU information.

4. Detect the CPU type and speed when using Linux by typing "less /proc/cpuinfo".

5. Click "Start" and then "Run". Type "msinfo32" in the "Run" dialog box. Click "OK" and then click on "System Summary" to view the CPU information.

6. Look at the instruction manual provided with your computer to view computer information, including CPU type and speed.

Tags: Click Start, type speed

Build A Workstation Server

Clients request; servers provide

A workstation server is defined as a system used as a server, but whose components are typically used for workstation computing tasks. It is not complicated adapting a workstation for use as a server, but there are a few things to consider.

In theory, the designations of workstation or server are made according to which role each machine is playing at a specific moment. When a machine is requesting a service or information, it's considered a client. When a machine is providing information or a service, it's called a server. Machines that play the role of client much more frequently than that of server are typically called clients, but that does not mean they cannot or do not perform the function of server from time to time. So though the label is situational, it is also common practice to consider a machine a workstation if it functions as a workstation more often than as a server.

In practice, the computer industry has released special versions of its software that bias usage toward clients or servers. Microsoft and Apple sell workstation and server versions of their operating systems. Because these different versions of the operating systems have different capabilities, in practice the difference between server and workstation for these systems may be more than situational--it may involve crucial differences in capabilities as well.

Instructions

Planning

1. Compare what you want to do with the capabilities of available operating systems. Because there can be different capabilities associated with different operating systems, knowing what you want to provide for the other computers in the community may help dictate which operating system you may need. If you just want to share files, and the number of simultaneous requests are expected to be low, then practically any operating system will work well for you. If you want to build a file transfer protocol (FTP) server to accept and offer files to the Internet, you might think twice before using Microsoft's Vista. Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) 7 can provide low concurrency Web pages running on the Vista workstation operating system, but it's limited to publishing with FTP. Users cannot upload to the workstation OS--only to Windows Server running IIS7. In the case of Windows Vista, other FTP packages can be used on the workstation to get around the FTP limitation imposed by IIS.

2. Research what server software you may already have. If you are considering using a Macintosh workstation as a server, there are many server software packages already installed and ready to go in the workstation operating system. When you open up the "Sharing" folder in "System Preferences," there are 11 services built into the OS and ready to be activated. Other services may be activated by other means. The Macintosh workstation OS does not automatically configure the network file system (NFS), for instance, but the capability is still included on the hard drive. If you know your way around UNIX systems, and have a guide to follow, it's not too complicated to make your Mac workstation an NFS server. See References for an example guide to activating NFS on a Macintosh workstation.

3. Consider open source software. Apache can turn any common operating system into a Web server. Though many operating systems are shipped with at least some type of web server, Apache's scalable Web server is the most common one on the Internet, and as it's available on nearly every common operating system. A decision to use Apache at the start is never a dead-end decision. Apache can be the Web server tool for any future version of your infrastructure. Simply visit Apache.org to download and install the binaries (or even the source-code) relevant to your workstation operating system.

4. Plan for the connectivity. Though it may sound odd, even a single machine that will run both client and server software (talking to itself) still needs a network protocol defined and working. Choose your network protocol to fit your circumstances. If you have Macintosh systems that do not connect to the Internet but still should connect to each other, it might make sense to choose AppleTalk as your network protocol. If the systems already connect to the Internet, you are probably using TCP/IP, so that becomes an obvious choice, but implementation becomes a bit more difficult than it would with AppleTalk. Microsoft systems may have a slightly easier time with TCP/IP, but there's no easy way around the prospect of having to configure TCP/IP on a UNIX system, such as Solaris or Linux. Whatever the choice, the server must be running what each client is running to talk to them all. If one Macintosh is only running AppleTalk, and the rest of the systems are running TCP/IP, then either the server should run them both or the AppleTalk machine should start running TCP/IP as well.

Implementation

5. Set the server's network address. There won't be any success until the network protocols are installed and configured. In fact, some server software won't even install until it can detect that its required network is installed and functioning. For example, let's tackle TCP/IP. AppleTalk is self-configuring, as is NetBEUI, but neither are as commonly in use as TCP/IP. This Internet protocol works because each machine on the network has a unique address--as each cell phone has a unique phone number. In your network, there is either a server handing out these addresses whenever a computer asks for one, or each computer is manually configured with a permanent address. It's common to have a system handing them out when asked. This system is the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server. For your system to reliably serve clients, each client will have to be able to learn the address of your server. To make this address constant, either configure the DHCP server to always give your server the same address or exclude that address from those given out by DHCP and hard-code the address in the workstation's network configuration settings. If you are not already familiar with these tools, consult with your local systems administrator or Internet service provider (ISP) for more information.

6. Ensure correct name translation. When you point your browser at sun.com, you type in letters, not numbers. So how does TCP/IP work on numbers if you don't use numbers to find things on the Internet? You could use numbers, but there's no need. The Domain Name System (DNS) was constructed by Internet designers who were tired of typing in numbers, and wanted a type of phone book they could rely on. UNIX systems rely on DNS primarily because DNS has evolved as UNIX has evolved. Microsoft and Apple systems, starting out in small work groups, can make use of DNS, but will also just try to locate systems with broadcast packets--the computer equivalent of leaning out the window and simply calling for the machine you want. Microsoft even developed their own type of phone book service called the Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS). The larger the network you would like to serve, the more likely it is that clients won't see your server without updating the DNS or WINS entries for it. Though it's possible that these services are being automatically updated for you, if you have trouble connecting to your server, these are among the first places to check for issue. If you are not already familiar with these tools, consult with your local systems administrator or Internet Service Provider (ISP) for more information.

7. Activate the software that serves information. One of the simplest examples of making a workstation a server is for the purpose of file sharing. To provide a directory in which your peers may share files, turn on the file server software already resident on your workstation and identify what directory and under what conditions you wish to share. Staying with the Macintosh example, the file sharing programs with GUI support can be launched from within the "System Preferences/Sharing" folder. Selecting the "File Sharing" option turns on the capability, but this should not be done without also configuring the "Options" and "Setting" security on the directories being shared.

8. Configure the server software for your needs. It is an industry best practice to spend at least a few minutes ensuring that the software you are using is configured for the needs of the particular installation. The Macintosh operating system can provide file sharing capabilities through a variety of different networking protocols. As a general rule, it is wise to only offer the service on those protocols you know your clients will need. To select the file sharing protocols you wish to activate, click the "Options" button in the lower-right-hand corner of the "Sharing" dialog box in "System Preferences." Turn off protocols you are not likely to need. Leverage the security settings to help ensure that unauthorized users do not create mischief on your system.

Tags: operating system, server software, workstation server, operating systems, your server, file sharing

Update Bios Without A Floppy Drive

In the past, BIOS updates required you to use a formatted floppy drive. Most of today's computers don't have floppy drives, but you can still update your BIOS. The process allows you to use other removable media such as flash drives and SD cards.

Instructions

1. Boot your computer and press the Enter BIOS key as stated by your boot loader screen. The key is typically F2, Esc or Del. If you miss the key, restart. The manufacturer and version number is listed at the top of the first BIOS settings screen. Note the version number. If your computer is a package deal, you can find BIOS updates through the computer manufacturer without determining the BIOS manufacturer.

2. Download the BIOS update. This can be done from several places, including your computer manufacturer's website, the BIOS manufacturer's website and the Motherboards website. Motherboards has almost every motherboard and BIOS manufacturer, along with links to BIOS updates. Note your computer make and model or serial number to find updates on your computer manufacturer's website.

3. Copy the BIOS update onto your removable media, if necessary. Desktop application updates do not require copying. If there is a readme.txt file in the BIOS update, read this file first. Certain updates have extra steps involved in the process that are specific to the version number.

4. Restart your computer with the removable media still in your drive. Press F12 during the boot process to open a boot options menu. Choose Removable Media from the list. Some computer manufacturers may call this USB or Flash Media.

5. Allow the BIOS update to run automatically. The update is complete when your computer automatically restarts. This should take no more than 10 minutes.

Tags: your computer, BIOS update, BIOS manufacturer, BIOS updates, computer manufacturer

Dual Core Vs Core 2 Duo Processors

Pentium has been at the forefront of processor technology for since the 1990s. The Core 2 Duo and the Dual Core processor are two of the better processing units available. Choosing between them can be difficult, and the technical information provided can be confusing. Both are dual-core processors. The architecture between the two is very similar, but the Core 2 Duo is the performance dual-core line offered by Intel. In March 2009, the Pentium Dual Core processor was discontinued but can still be found on many resale sites online.

L2 Cache

The L2 cache is the amount of memory that can be stored in a processor for processing. The more memory available, the more functions your Central Processing Unit (CPU) can do at once. The Core 2 Duo offers L2 cache size ranging from 2 MB to 6 MB. The Dual Core offers only 1 or 2 MB L2 cache. The larger L2 cache in the Core 2 Duo results in about a 10 percent increase in benchmarking tests.

Front Side Bus

A processor's front-side bus (FSB) is what allows it to communicate with your system's random-access memory (RAM). The faster your front-side bus runs, the faster your processor can work in conjunction with your RAM, speeding up your computer. The Core 2 Duo hosts an FSB of up to 1333, while the Dual Core's FSB is listed at 800. The Dual Core is able to compensate for this disparity because it is easier to overclock than the Core 2 Duo.

Architecture

From a design standpoint, the Pentium Core 2 Duo and the Dual Core processors are very similar. The Core 2 Duo has a faster front-side bus and L2 cache but is essentially the same chip as the Core 2 Duo. The Dual Core processor also has some functions, such as virtualization, disabled. Virtualization is a technology that aids multiple operating systems in running at the same time on the same system.

Price

The Pentium Dual Core processors are Intel's economy line. The high-end Core 2 Duos can cost more than twice as much as a Dual Core.

Considerations

The Core 2 Duo is a faster processor with greater functionality. But if your motherboard will support it and you are skilled with hardware, you can overclock the Dual Core to speeds comparable to the Core 2 Duo. But you must be careful; overclocking voids the manufacturer's warranty and can damage your motherboard and your processor irrevocably.

Tags: Dual Core, Core Dual, Core Dual Core, Core processor, Dual Core processor

Different Types Of Computer Processors

Traditionally computer processor design and innovation has advanced at an exceedingly fast rate. As a corollary, the market for computer processors is vast and often times confusing to a first time explorer. However, learning the key feature sets and functions that set each processor apart from one another is not very difficult at all.

Brands

Since the inception of mainstream computing into the homes of society there has been but two consumer and commercial level computer processor manufacturers. The Intel corporation is undoubtedly the first name any consumer thinks of when the word processor is mentioned. Intel has been producing the most top-of-the-line computer processors for several decades now. AMD or Advanced Micro Devices is Intel's only true competitor in the computer processor market producing computer processors which rival the speed and power of Intel's.

Architecture

When considering the architecture of a computer processor, there are really only a few key factors to consider. Whether the processor has a 32-bit or 64-bit core determines whether or not the processor can run your software correctly. The amount of on die processor cache memory is also of importance, as this integrated memory space is where processor instructions are held before execution. Finally, is the system a single, dual or quad core processor. While multicore processors do have their advantages there is still a lack of software able to utilize multicore processors.

Clock Speed

The clock speed of a computer processor determines the rate at which a processor executes instructions on data. Today this rate of execution is expressed in billions of instructions per second. Though having a computer processor with a high clock speed is advantageous, it alone is not the only factor that dictates overall system performance. Higher clock speeds increase all system tasks, such as web browsing, movie encoding, and system utilities like anti-virus software.

Maintenance

Computer processors must be maintained according to their manufacturer's specifications in order to perform at their full potential. All too often consumers will pick an expensive cutting edge processor while neglecting support hardware for their processor. Different processors require different power supplies, proper heat sink/ fan combos, and adequate memory in order to function correctly. Above all, different processors require different cooling solutions. Each processor has its own TDP (Thermal Design Power) which is an indication of heat output which must be dissipated..

Current Models

The most recent offerings from Intel and AMD are the Core i7 quad core and Phenom II quad core processors respectively. The Core i7 supersedes the Core 2 series of dual and quad core Intel processors and the Phenom II supersedes the Phenom I dual and quad core model AMD processors. Outside of extreme gaming or high-end 3D graphics applications, even the Phenom II and Core 2 older model processors are more than adequate for the home user and come at a much lower price point in most cases.

Tags: computer processor, quad core, computer processors, dual quad, dual quad core, clock speed, model processors

Comparison Of Evga Bfg & Ati Video Cards

There are many types of video card manufacturer to choose from when building or upgrading your computer including ATI, EVGA and BFG. Note, however, that BFG no longer distributes or supports video cards. Choosing the right card for your computer is important; knowing about these brands will help you choose the best one for you.

ATI

ATI, maker of the Radeon and FirePro video cards, relies on AMD technology to power their video cards. ATI's cards have a price range of $80 to $500 (as of January 2011) and cater to everyone from the casual computer user, who wants to watch online videos, to the high end user, who wants to play top of the line video games.

EVGA

EVGA is a distributor for the GeForce line of video cards, powered by Nvidia technology. Like ATI, EVGA offers a selection of prices for their cards, ranging from $120 to $500. Also, like ATI, EVGA video cards are suitable from everyone from the casual PC user to the hardcore gamer.

Comparison

The ATI and EVGA cards have similar features. Both offer the ability to hook up more than one card to your motherboard for extra power, both offer comparable cards at their price ranges, and all cards will be compatible with most motherboards. One important difference is that EVGA offers a lifetime warranty and will replace your card indefinitely, while ATI offers a one or two year warranty, depending on the card bought. Other than that, the type of card you purchase and use comes down to brand loyalty and preference.

Tags: video cards, card your, cards have, everyone from, everyone from casual, EVGA offers

Fix Display Problems With An Ati 3850 Agp In Ubuntu

Reinstalling your video card drivers often fixes display problems.

If you don't have the correct ones installed, video drivers can be tricky to configure in Ubuntu Linux. If you have an ATI 3850 AGP video card installed in Ubuntu, the easiest way to fix your display problems is to reinstall the drivers. This takes only a short amount of time and can save loads of frustration from trying to manually tweak a configuration file.

Instructions

1. Go to "System" and "Administration" on Ubuntu's desktop and click on "Synaptic Package Manager." This is an application that gives you access to thousands of Ubuntu packages for downloading and installing.

2. Type "ATI 3850 AGP" into the search box. Hold down "Ctrl" and click on "xserver-xorg-video-ati-dbg" and "xserver-xorg-video-radeon-dbg." This highlights both entries. Right-click on either entry and select "Mark for Installation."

3. Click the "Apply" button in the middle of the top menu bar and select "OK" when it tells you the additional packages to be installed. Wait while the packages download and install. Reboot your system when the process is complete. This process will reinstall your video drivers.

Tags: display problems, video card, video drivers, your video

Emachine W3650 Motherboard Specs

For its motherboard, the eMachines W3650 -- a deskop PC package from eMachines that was released in 2008 -- uses the ECS 945GCT-M3. This component is the product of Elitegroup Computer Systems Co., Ltd., an electronics manufacturer based in Taiwan. The 945GCT-M3 also goes on computers from Gateway, which, like eMachines, coincidentally functions as a subsidiary of Acer Inc., another Taiwan-based electronics company.

Size and Architecture

The ECS 945GCT-M3 -- measuring 244 square millimeters, or around 9.6 square inches -- used the Advanced Technology Extended motherboard form factor specification that semiconductor company Intel Corp. developed in 1995. ECS designs it as a four-layer printed circuit board, a device used to hold together chips and other electronic components. This includes an integrated chip used for local area networking called the Realtek RTL8100C. Also included are three Peripheral Component Interconnect interfaces: a conventional PCI slot and two slots that adhere to the standards of its successor, PCI Express.

Memory Support

The eMachines W3650 motherboard has two dual inline memory module slots, which is where the manufacturer places the desktop PC's system memory. Operating on a voltage of 1.8, the slots accommodate memory modules that have an access speed of 400 MHz or 500 MHz and comply with second-generational Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory architecture, or DDR2 SDRAM. The maximum amount of system memory that a user can install on the ECS 945GCT-M3's dual slots is 2 GB.

Processor/Chipset Support

Each motherboard has a northbridge and southbridge. These are chips, or chipsets, that facilitate its "faster" and "slower" capabilities, respectively. The ECS 945GCT-M3's northbridge has the NG82945GC part number, while its southbridge is named FW82801GB. Both chipsets are from Intel. Additionally, ECS built this motherboard to support Intel processors using the "Prescott," "Tejas" or "Conroe" code name. The eMachines W3650 in particular has the single-core "Conroe"-codenamed Intel Celeron 440 processor, which has a processing speed of 2 GHtz, 800-MHz data transfer speed and a 512-KB Level 2 cache (or secondary bank).

Peripheral Connectors

Next to the eMachines W3650's motherboard are several interfaces. These include an Integrated Drive Electronics interface and four Serial Advanced Technology Attachment interfaces for connecting components such as a hard disk drive or optical drive. Also available are two IEEE 1394 and eight USB ports.

Tags: eMachines W3650, Advanced Technology, eMachines W3650 motherboard, system memory, W3650 motherboard

Computer Motherboard Information

The primary hardware component of any computer system is the motherboard. Every other piece of computer hardware, from the keyboard, mouse, CPU and RAM to expansion cards, all connect into the motherboard. Motherboards are also known by different names, such as main board, printed circuit board (PCS) or systems board. Without the primary circuit system of the motherboard, one would have no computer.

Basics

Motherboards are printed with circuits that are multiple layers thick, and are, therefore, often difficult to see. Every motherboard is at least two or more layers thick. The printed wires are called traces, and they carry and transmit the data and commands between the CPU, Northbridge, RAM and other hardware devices. The motherboard also needs to connect to the power supply in order to provide the proper power for the computer. Therefore, the motherboard and power supply must have matching connector slots.

Characteristics

There are three common related characteristics that help to define modern motherboards. The first is form factor. Form factor is what designates the actual physical size of the motherboard, as well as the location of the ports on it, airflow and other components. The second characteristic is the chipset, which defines the type of RAM and how much RAM the computer will support, as well as the processor that is required for the motherboard. The third characteristic includes the built-in components, which define the basic function capabilities of the entire computer system.

Types

There are numerous types of motherboard form factors, according to http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mothboar.htm. Each one comes with different features and components. There are many popular motherboard manufacturers, and depending on your computing needs, you can have a custom motherboard designed for you.

Chipsets

Chipsets on the motherboard determine the types of hardware, memory capacity and other external devices that the computer can support without adding expansion cards to the computer. In general, modern computers are composed of two main chips, called the Northbridge and the Southbridge.

Northbridge chips do a lot of work on the motherboard; they require their own heat sink and fan. The Northbridge assists the CPU in working with the RAM. On some motherboards, the Northbridge actually provides communication with the video card instead of the memory, as the memory controller on those types of motherboards is built directly into the CPU. The Northbridge is generally located under the fan on the motherboard.

The Southbridge handles expansion and mass-storage devices. Its main job is as a controller hub on the hard drive.

Modern motherboard manufacturers usually add a third primary chip called the Super I/O chip, or system ROM chip. This chip provides part of the support for the system BIOS at a basic level.

Additional Components

Other basic motherboard components include USB/FireWire ports, onboard sound chips, RAID (redundant array of independent devices) and audio, modem, and communications and networking riser slots.

Some motherboards are designed to offer support for older technologies, such as floppy drives, modems, infrared connections and parallel ports; yet most modern chipsets on newer motherboards do not support those older devices.

Tags: computer system, expansion cards, layers thick, motherboard manufacturers, power supply

Use A Router As A Repeater

You can use a router as a repeater to boost signal strength.

When a computer is to be located more than 300 feet from the nearest Ethernet access point, a device known as a repeater will need to be used to maintain a signal that is strong enough to enable network communications. While you can buy a repeater to ensure that the signal strength is kept at an adequate level, you may already have an inexpensive router in your collection of extra network parts that can also serve as a repeater.

Instructions

1. Connect your computer to the router using a standard Ethernet cable. Be sure to plug it into one of the downstream ports, not the upstream, or WAN, port.

2. Open your Web browser and enter the IP address of your router. Normally, the IP address of the router will be something similar to 192.168.0.1; you should find the default address in your router's manual.

3. Enter the username and password. Many routers will use "admin" as the default entry for both the username and password, though you may need to consult the manual for your specific router. After the password is entered, the router will display its initial status page, with links to the various administration settings.

4. Locate the page that allows you to change the IP address of the router. The address should be changed so that it is not the same as the main router on the network, or any other network devices. If the main router on the network is set to use 192.168.1.1, the router that will be used as a repeater should use a higher number, such as 192.168.1.2 or 192.168.1.10, depending on how many devices are on the network.

5. Disable the router's DHCP server. This setting should be on the same page as the IP address, but each router is a little different. When the router is operating normally, this server assigns an IP address to every device that is connected to it. Because this router will be used as a repeater only, the IP addresses will now be handled by the main router on the network.

6. Turn off the DNS server, if it is activated. This function will be taken over by the main router, or by the ISP that provides the Internet connection to your location.

7. Disable any firewall that is built into the router. Usually, this can be done in the "Security" section, and it may require you to alter several settings, depending on the make and model of the router.

8. Remove any entries that are located in the "Port Forwarding" section. On some routers, this may be referred to as "Applications and Gaming," and it allows certain programs to have less-restricted access to the Internet.

9. Set the operating mode switch to "Gateway" or "Switch" if such a setting is available. In addition, if the router is a wireless router and has the appropriate settings, disable the wireless access or set it to function as an access point only.

10. Save the settings as necessary on each page, and reboot the router. After the router boots back up, the changes should allow it to act more or less as a simple repeater. Now, you simply move the router to its new location in the middle of the long cable run, connect all the cords and power it up.

Tags: main router, main router network, router network, router will, access point, address router

Overclock The I7 Chip

Overclocking The CPU Can Boost Performance

Some of the Intel i7 line of central processing units (CPUs) are designed in a way which allows them to be overclocked resulting in a faster computing experience. Overclocking the i7 in this way does not require any modification to the chip itself and can be done solely through software means. While making a CPU run at a faster speed can make a computer faster, the CPU will generate a lot of extra heat. Some new hardware may need to be installed on the CPU to keep it cooler at hotter temperatures.

Instructions

1. Turn on your computer and hit the "ESC" key as soon as you see text on the screen or your computer manufacturer's logo to enter the BIOS.

2. Set the Intel Turbo Boost setting to "DISABLED." Leaving this on can interfere with the upcoming new voltage settings.

3. Set the BCLK to "200 Mhz." The BCLK is the Base Clock setting for the CPU. Set the QPI, or Intel QuickPath Interconnect, for "18x" and the unicore to "16x" in case your motherboard does not automatically adjust other settings to fit the BCLK. The unicore always needs to be less than the QPI.

4. Set the DRAMM frequency to "1,600 Mhz." Set it to the lower of the two settings if you don't have this option.

5. Set the CPU voltage to "1.35V." Depending on the needs of the CPU, less voltage can sometimes be used.

6. Set the CPU PPL voltage to "1.96V."

7. Set the QPI/DRAM Voltage to "1.35V." This may show up as "QPI/Memory Controller" on some BIOS settings but they are the same thing. This setting has to be changed to keep the CPU protected.

8. Set the DRAM Voltage to "1.66V." If the memory in your system is designed for 1.65V, this is an acceptable setting to use since it falls within the +/- 0.5V unicore allowed difference.

9. Enable the High Performance Event Timer (HPET) for the CPU. This will ensure the clock speeds on the i7 are kept accurate and prevent possible damage to the CPU.

10. Close the BIOS and choose "Y" to accept changes. This will reboot the computer and apply the changes made to the CPU settings.

Tags: DRAM Voltage, needs less, settings BCLK, This will, your computer

Separate Metals From Circuit Boards

Small amounts of precious metals are commonly used on circuit boards.

Circuit boards and other common computer parts contain a small amount of gold and other precious metals. If you have the time and equipment, separating these metals from circuit boards can become a very lucrative venture. The process of separating metals from these boards involve the use of caustic chemicals, a detail that may make some people uneasy about recycling circuit boards. In most cases, there are no problems as long as you wear the proper safety equipment.

Instructions

1. Pour the jar of circuit board stripping powder into the one-gallon container. Dilute the powder with enough water to create one gallon of solution.

2. Lower the circuit boards into the solution bath. Allow the boards to soak in the solution for 6 to 8 hours.

3. Remove the circuit boards from the solution bath. Rinse the wrinkled gold flakes into another container.

4. Recover the gold flakes by filtering the rinse water with a kitchen strainer. Dry the flakes, and then melt and refine them as normal.

Tags: circuit boards, circuit boards, gold flakes, metals from, precious metals, solution bath

Overclock The Bios On An Asus Motherboard

Overclocking allows you to run the computer hardware -- primarily the processor -- at a higher speed than the manufacturer default value. Typically you achieve overclocking by increasing the Front Side Bus (FSB) frequency in the Input/Output System (BIOS) system setup. At this frequency the computer processor (CPU) communicates with the motherboard chip and hence the CPU speed is proportional to the FSB value. On ASUS motherboards use the menu "Extreme Tweaker" in BIOS for overclocking.

Instructions

1. Restart your computer.

2. Wait for the message "Press DEL to enter SETUP" on the display; then press the key "Del" to enter BIOS.

3. Navigate to the "Extreme Tweaker" menu in BIOS with the arrow keys the keyboard, and press "Enter."

4. Choose the menu option "Ai Overclock Tuner" with the arrow keys and press "Enter." Then select the option "Manual."

5. Go to the option "FSB Frequency" using the arrow keys and note to the default value of FSB - 400, for example.

6. Press "Enter" and enter a new value -- 450, for example -- to set FSB frequency.

7. Press "F10" on the keyboard to save the changes and exit BIOS.

8. Repeat the steps 1 to 7, increasing the FSB frequency with 20 to 50 MHz increments until you reach the maximum value when you computer still runs stable.

Tags: arrow keys, default value, Extreme Tweaker, value example, with arrow

Asus P5b Deluxe Specifications

The ASUS P5B Deluxe is a LGA775 socket motherboard compatible with a variety of Intel processors and originally released in 2006. Based around the Intel P965 and ICH8R chipsets, it was one of the more advanced and powerful motherboards on the market at the time of its launch. It follows the standard ATX motherboard form factor and measures 12 inches by 9.6 inches. Drivers and downloads for the board can be found on the ASUS website.

Basic Specifications

The board uses a 775 CPU socket, making it compatible with a variety of Intel processors including Core 2 Extreme, Core 2 Duo, Pentium Extreme, Pentium D, Pentium 4 and Celeron D CPUs. There are four memory module slots and the board is capable of taking up to 8 GB of DDR2 RAM up to a speed of 800 MHz. The other expansion slots on the board are two PCI Express x16 slots, one PCI Express x1 slot and three standard PCI slots. There are two Gigabit LAN controllers on-board, as well as six serial ATA sockets (for newer hard drives) and one parallel ATA socket (for connecting up to two older hard drives or optical drives). The board offers built-in 8-channel high definition audio, but there are no integrated graphics capabilities.

Ports And Power

Ports available at the back of the board include one PS/2 keyboard port, one PS/2 mouse port, one serial port, one external SATA port, an S/PDIF Out socket, one IEEE 1394a (FireWire) port, two LAN (RJ45) ports and four USB 2.0 sockets for peripherals and external drives. The P5B Deluxe can be powered by any ATX 1.4 PSU (20-pin board connector) with at least 30A+ capacity on the 12V line or any ATX 2.0 PSU (24-pin board connector).

Asus Features

Among the customized ASUS-branded features of the P5B Deluxe are AI Gear (offering profiles for CPU performance vs power consumption), AI Nap (advanced hibernation and sleep modes), a Stack Cool 2 fanless design (for improved natural cooling) and an 8 Phase Power Design system that is intended to reduce power consumption, lower temperatures and increase the lifespan of components across the motherboard. There's also an EZ Flash feature that supports BIOS loading and restoring from a USB drive.

Other Details

The board supports ATI/AMD CrossFire set ups (two graphics cards used in tandem) which is complemented by ASUS' own built-in CGI technology to improve graphics performance. It comes with a selection of tools to make system overclocking easier and quicker, including AI NOS (Non-delay Overclocking System) and the Precision Tweaker utility. RAID modes 0, 1, 5 and 10 are supported for internal hard drive configurations.

Tags: with variety Intel, board connector, compatible with, compatible with variety, hard drives

Enable My 4870x2 Crossfire

Your computer has expansion slots for installing cards that give your system extra capabilities, such as a graphics card. Installing an ATI Radeon Crossfire 4870 X2 card gives your computer extra memory for processing video applications or games. After installing the Crossfire 4870 X2, your computer may not automatically detect the card. If your BIOS options aren't set to the correct settings, your operating system won't enable the card and you won't get any benefit from having the card installed.

Instructions

1. Click the Windows-logo button on the lower left-hand corner of the screen and choose "Shut Down." Tap the power button to restart the computer after the operating system completely shuts down.

2. Press the specific BIOS menu access key your computer uses, such as "F1," "F2," "Escape" or "F10." Check the bottom of the screen during the boot up process to see if your computer model lists the key you need to use with a prompt such as "Press F2 to enter the setup menu."

3. Press the right arrow button to scroll through the BIOS headings and navigate to the "Advanced" heading. Tap the down arrow key until you reach the "PCI Devices" option.

4. Hit "Enter" to open the "PCI Devices" menu. Select the option labeled "PCI Device Slot." If your computer uses more than one PCI expansion slot, highlight the specific slot that holds your Crossfire 4870 X2 graphics card.

5. Tap "Enter" again. Scroll to the "Enabled" option and press the "Enter" key to enable your Crossfire card. Press "Escape" and scroll to the "Exit" tab. Choose "Save and Exit" and press the "Enter" key. Wait for the operating system to boot up.

6. Bring up the "Start" menu and select the "Control Panel." Click "System and Maintenance" and navigate to the "Device Manager" option.

7. Click "Display Adapters" and locate the entry for your Crossfire card. Right-click the entry to bring up a new menu and select the "Update Driver" option. Choose "Search Automatically" and click "Next" and "Finish" to update the card's driver.

Tags: your computer, Crossfire 4870, operating system, your Crossfire, computer uses, Crossfire card, graphics card

Set The Primary Display Adapter On Xp

Multiple monitors save time by enabling users to view many windows at once.

You can increase productivity while working with a Windows XP computer by attaching additional monitors to the computer to increase the computer desktop workspace. Windows XP designates a primary display adapter, which the operating system uses for diagnostics and displaying error messages. If your Windows XP computer has multiple monitors, and you want error messages and diagnostics to display through a different adapter, use the "Display Properties" utility in Windows XP to change the primary display adapter.

Instructions

1. Click "Start" on the Windows XP Taskbar and then click "Control Panel." Click "Appearance and Themes," and then click "Display."

2. Click the "Settings" tab in the "Display Properties" window that appears. Click "Identify" and note the number that appears on the screen of each monitor connected to the computer.

3. Click the monitor icon in the "Settings" tab that has the same number as the monitor connected to the video adapter you wish to configure as the primary display adapter for Windows XP.

4. Click the "Use this device as the primary monitor" check box. Click "OK" to save the setting.

Tags: display adapter, Display Properties, error messages, monitor connected, primary display, primary display adapter, that appears

Upgrade Insyde Software Bios

BIOS programs are installed on small chips and attached to mainboards (motherboards).

Insyde Software is a software developer that develops core technologies, BIOS programs and engineering services. Insyde Software licenses its software to other companies, such as IBM, AMB, Siemens Medical, Phillips, Asus, and Flextronics, just to name a few. Insyde Software itself does not offer BIOS updates due to the license nature of its products. In order to update if there is a BIOS upgrade for your Insyde Software "SystemSoft BIOS," you have to directly contact the licensee or search the licensee's website for an upgrade. Upgrading the BIOS to a more recent version will allow your computer to run more recent programs and operating systems, such as Windows 7.

Instructions

1. Determine the motherboard manufacturer that uses the SystemSoft BIOS chip. Most motherboards will have the manufacturer listed near the CPU socket or the northbridge. You can also determine the motherboard manufacturer by viewing the system start up screen that appears right after you turn on your computer.

2. Open a web browser and search for the official website of the motherboard manufacturer.

3. Locate the "Support" or "Services" page. If there is no support page, locate the "Contact Us" page.

4. Search for "Updates" or "Upgrades" within the "Support" or "Services" pages. In the search box provided, type the model name of your motherboard, which can be found using step 1. If there is no "Support" or "Services" page, send an email to the manufacturer through the email found on the "Contact Us" page with information about the SystemSoft BIOS version you are using as well as the motherboard you are using to determine if there is an upgrade available.

5. If an update is available, download it and double-click it to run the upgrade. Follow the prompts made by the installedr to upgrade the BIOS. Once you successfully upgrade the BIOS, restart your computer to save the changes.

Tags: Insyde Software, motherboard manufacturer, Support Services, SystemSoft BIOS, your computer, BIOS programs, Contact page

Overclock An Intel Celeron

A stack of older FC-PGA Celeron CPUs.

Overclocking is a technique long used by computer enthusiasts to squeeze an extra few percent of performance out of their computers. It is an especially common procedure to use on budget computer systems as a means of obtaining performance levels near those of more expensive systems. The Celeron line of processors is the budget processor of Intel. With very little variance, all processors, the Celeron included, are overclocked in a similar way.

Instructions

1. Boot or reboot the computer. During POST (Power On Self Test), access the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). In most cases, you press the "Delete" key.

2. Locate and access the CPU settings page of the BIOS. In most cases this can be found under "Advanced Settings," but different manufacturers use different menu schemes.

3. Locate the "CPU FSB" (Front Side Bus) setting. This is what you will change to overclock the CPU. Most often there is a field set to "Auto" that you can change to "Manual." A field should then appear beneath. It is this field that you set the new FSB in.

4. Click in the new field and enter a new number to be your FSB. For example, if your CPU stock FSB is 200 MHz, then set it to 205. Save the settings and exit to reboot. If the computer passes POST and boots into Windows without errors, then reboot and enter the BIOS again, bumping the FSB another 5 MHz.

5. Repeat Step 4 until the computer either does not complete POST, or Windows does not boot properly. Then enter the BIOS and back the FSB off by 10 MHz. Save and reboot, and then test by running numerous applications in Windows, specifically intensive 3D games, if you have any. If these can run for at least 30 minutes with the overclocked settings, then the system should be OK to run at that speed.

Tags: enter BIOS, most cases, reboot computer

Change File Extensions In Command Prompt

Windows operating systems have the MS-DOS command prompt that allows you to manipulate---copy, delete and rename---files. In Linux, such commands are available via a terminal window. The way to change the file extension in both Windows and Linux is to rename a file providing the new extension.

Instructions

In Windows XP/Vista

1. In Windows XP/Vista, click "Start." Click "Run" (only Windows XP). Then type "cmd" and press "Enter" to open the command prompt window.

2. In the MS-DOS shell window, type "cd c:\path\to\file" and press "Enter." Example:

cd c:\user\test. If the designated file is on a different logical drive (e.g., on drive D) type "d:" and press "Enter." Then type the "cd" command as above.

3. Type "dir" followed by "Enter" to list the directory content and find the designated file.

4. Type "rename filename.ext filename.new" and press "Enter"; ".new" is the new file extension ("filename.ext" stands for any file you might have; for example:

rename report.txt report.doc).

In Linux

5. Right-click on Desktop and choose "open terminal" from the pop-up menu.

6. Type "cd /path/to/the/file" followed by pressing "Enter" to navigate to the directory having the file. Example: cd /home/tom/doc.

7. Type "ls *.ext" and press "Enter" to list all files with the extension "ext," and confirm the file exists in this directory. For example: ls *.txt.

8. Type "mv filename.ext filename.new" and press "Enter" to change the extension. For example,

mv report.txt report.doc.

Tags: press Enter, command prompt, designated file, Enter list, file extension, filename filename

Upgrade A Slow Computer

There are many reasons for a slow computer, but upgrading the computer's hardware can help speed it up. The CPU and the RAM are two main components that can be upgraded to increase a computer's speed, though doing this may require replacing the motherboard as well.

Instructions

Changing the Parts

1. If the motherboard is compatible with the new CPU and RAM, it is not necessary to change it out. But if it's not, a compatible one must be used. Determine the compatibility by reading the motherboard specifications from the manual or by searching for the correct specifications on the manufacturer's website. Make sure all components are compatible before moving on.

2. Turn off the computer and unplug it. Take off the side panel to access the inside of the computer.

3. Unhook the various wires that are connected to the motherboard. This may include hard-drive wires, case wires, disc drive wires and power cables.

4. Remove all PCI cards from the motherboard. It may be necessary to unscrew the cards from the chassis of the computer.

5. Unscrew the motherboard. Use a nonmagnetic screwdriver to avoid damage.

6. Remove the motherboard with the CPU (including the cooling device) and RAM still attached.

7. If the motherboard is compatible with the new CPU and RAM, remove the old CPU and RAM. Unclip the RAM, then remove it. For the CPU, it may be necessary to unscrew the cooling device to access the CPU socket. Unclip the socket and remove the CPU.

8. Whether the motherboard is compatible or if a new motherboard is being used, a backplate may need to be installed. Do this before installing anything else.

9. Insert the new RAM onto the motherboard, making sure it clips into place.

10. Insert the new CPU into the socket and clip it in place.

11. Put a small amount of thermal paste on the CPU, then connect the cooling device.

12. Put the motherboard back into the case by screwing it in first, then connecting all the wires back into place. It may be necessary to refer to the manual to ensure the various wires are connected correctly.

13. Close the case, then turn the computer on.

Tags: cooling device, motherboard compatible, back into, cards from, compatible with, into place, motherboard compatible with

Change Your Windows Serial Number

You need the Windows XP serial number to update Windows.

If you purchased a pirated copy of Windows XP by accident, you will not be able to run any Windows updates. As you need to keep Windows up to date for security purposes, you can change the Windows serial number to a valid number. First, you have to deactivate Windows XP, then activate it by entering in the new serial number.

Instructions

1. Click "Start," then click "Run." Type "regedit" in the Open box and click "OK."

2. Navigate to "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\WindowsNT\Current Version\WPAEvents" on the left side.

3. Right-click "OOBETimer" on the right side and click "Modify." Change at least one digit of the value to deactivate Windows. Close the Windows Registry Editor window by clicking the "X" on the top-right corner.

4. Click "Start" and then click "Run." Type "%systemroot%\system32\oobe\msoobe.exe /a" in the Open box and click "OK."

5. Click "Yes, I want to telephone a customer service representative to activate Windows" and click "Next." Click "Change Product Key," enter the valid serial number for Windows XP and then click "Update."

6. Close the window by clicking the "X" in the top-right corner when finished.

Tags: serial number, then click, Click Start, Click Start then, click Type

Clear Cmos On A P5kvm

When you have a problem with your BIOS or other motherboard components, clearing the CMOS might make your P5K-VM motherboard work again perfectly. Your CMOS battery feeds the BIOS and other components of your motherboard while the system doesn't draw power. To make sure your CMOS gets cleared, remove the battery after you turn off the computer and remove its cables.

Instructions

1. Disconnect your computer's power cable and peripherals.

2. Turn the computer with the back facing towards you and lay it down on the left side.

3. Remove the screws from the edge of the side of the computer that now faces upwards and take out the panel by sliding it outwards and upwards at the same time.

4. Locate a small battery near a red and wide IDE connector on your P5K-VM motherboard.

5. Get a flathead screwdriver and lever the CMOS battery out of its socket and keep it out for about half-an-hour. The capacitors must drain power before you stick it back in. After the time has elapsed, pop the CMOS battery back in and reassemble your PC. Your computer should have a "good as new" CMOS.

Tags: CMOS battery, BIOS other, P5K-VM motherboard, your P5K-VM, your P5K-VM motherboard

Get The Gaming Card To Work On My Computer

Sometimes all you need is a new driver to fix your gaming card

Installing a gaming card on your computer can considerably improve your PC's graphics. However, just as with any new hardware installation, things can go wrong. Even if you follow the installation manual exactly, some issues may not be addressed, rendering your video card essentially unusable until you can locate and fix the problem.

To get your gaming graphics card to work, it is necessary to troubleshoot your computer and locate the source of the problem. Often, problems in hardware installation are related either to the device driver or to certain BIOS settings.

Instructions

1. Confirm the gaming card's driver is installed. Click "Start," then "Control Panel." If you have Windows Vista (with the Control Panel in Classic View) or 7, double-click "Device Manager." If you have Vista with the Control Panel in Standard View, click "System and Maintenance" and then "Device Manager." If you have XP, double-click "System." Click the "Hardware" tab, then click "Device Manager."

2. Click the plus sign next to "Display Adapters." If the video card does not appear, go to the manufacturer's website and download the driver. Install the driver to your computer, following the on-screen instructions.

3. If the driver does appear under "Display Adapters," right-click it and then click "Update Driver Software." Click "Search Automatically for Updated Driver Software." If a new driver is found, follow the Windows update wizard to properly install it.

4. Make sure integrated graphics are not interfering with the new graphics card. Right-click the name of the integrated graphics chip (if you have one) under "Display Adapters," then click "Disable." Click "Yes" when the warning box appears. If you are not sure whether or not you have an integrated graphics chip, check your computer's manual or contact your computer's manufacturer.

5. Check your BIOS settings. Restart your computer and access your BIOS setup utility. The way to access your BIOS will vary depending on your motherboard's manufacturer.

6. Confirm "Plug and Play" is set to "Yes" and both "Internal Graphic Mode Select" and "Onboard Graphics Display" are set to "Enabled." Also confirm that the AGP and PCI slots are enabled as well. BIOS utilities vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, so you may not see all of these options available.

Tags: your computer, Control Panel, Device Manager, Display Adapters, integrated graphics, then click, your BIOS

Build A Mac From A Pc

With the move from PowerPC-based computers to Intel-based computers, the possibility of getting Mac OS X to play nice with PC hardware has finally come to fruition. Known as Hackintoshes, these modified Mac OS X systems won't work with just any old PC, but very specific hardware. If you're running the proper equipment and own a copy of Mac OS X, give your PC a virus-free face-lift.

Instructions

1. Copy the Mac OS X Install DVD to your hard drive. To do this, insert the disc into your Apple computer and open Disk Utility (located in Applications > Utilities). Highlight the installation disc in the sidebar and select "New Image" from the navigation toolbar. Name the image "Mac OS X Install DVD.dmg" and select "OK" to begin copying the disc to your computer.

2. Format the USB drive to enable it as boot disk. Insert the USB drive into your computer and again open Disk Utility. Highlight the USB drive from the sidebar and select the Partition tab. Set the Volume Scheme to "1 Partition." Select "Options" and select the radio button for "GUID Partition Table." Select "OK" and "Apply" to begin formatting.

3. Install the Mac OS X Install image on the USB drive. Keep Disk Utility open after the drive formats and again highlight the USB drive in the sidebar. Select the Restore tab and drag the dmg image created in Step 1 to the Source field. Drag the USB drive from the sidebar to the Destination field. Select "Restore," and you will be warned that the drive will be erased, confirm that this is OK and the image will be copied to the drive.

4. Install EP45UD3P on the USB drive. Download the utility (see "Resources"). Run the .pkg file by double-clicking on it and select your USB drive when prompted. This package automatically handles of a lot of the Terminal commands one would normally have to manually enter. After a minute, the process will complete. You can eject the USB drive and will no longer need the Apple computer.

5. Change your computer's BIOS settings. Restart your PC and hold down the Delete key as the PC boots up. Make the necessary changes to your BIOS settings, using the thebackpackr.com gallery as a reference point (see "Resources").

6. Insert the USB drive into your PC and restart your computer. You will boot into the Mac OS X Installation screen. Select your language when prompted. Before continuing with the installation, select Disk Utility from the Utilities menu bar. Similar to the process in Step 2, select your computer's hard drive from the sidebar and set the Volume Scheme to 1 Partition, select GUID Partition Table from options and select Mac OS X Journaled from the Format drop-down menu. Select "OK," "Apply" to properly format your PC's hard drive. Once completed, exit Disk Utility to go back to the installation screen.

7. Install Mac OS X. Select "Install" and follow the on-screen prompts to set up your new OS X installation. Select the hard drive you just formatted in Step 6 as your installation drive. Once the process completes, your computer will restart. Remove the USB drive before the computer boots back up and your computer will launch into Mac OS X.

Tags: your computer, Disk Utility, hard drive, computer will, drive from, drive from sidebar, from sidebar